Insights from developmental disorders
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چکیده
When one assesses the language abilities of children and adults with developmental disorders, it is not uncommon to find an uneven profile across the sub-domains of language. Standardized tests for various aspects of language can exhibit a differential relationship compared both to each other and to overall (average) mental age (MA). For example, in a comparison of Down syndrome (DS), Williams syndrome (WS), autism and Fragile X (FraX), Fowler (1998) described dissociations between phonology, lexical semantics, mor-phosyntax and pragmatics. From these dissociations, it is evident that general cognition cannot be a reliable indicator of all aspects of language function in children with learning disabilities. While language acquisition typically lags behind MA-level expectations in children with learning disabilities, Fowler noted that disorders such as Williams syndrome and hydrocephalus with associated myelomeningocele appear superficially to be exceptions. From her comparison , Fowler concluded that pragmatics and lexical semantics are more closely tied to MA than phonology and morphosyntax. Tager-Flusberg and Sullivan (1997) carried out a similar comparison of the same four disorders but this time seeking possible asynchronies in the early development of semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic aspects of language. These authors also noted disparities in areas such as vocal development, social communicative development, gesture, lexical development, phonological development, early grammar and pragmatics. However, despite the differences highlighted in their respective reviews, both Fowler (1998) and Tager-Flusberg and Sullivan (1997) also noted similarities across the disorders. For example in early development, there were
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تاریخ انتشار 2005